Dab tsi yog qhov thib peb feem ntau titanium hlau? - Xov xwm

Titanium alloystau hloov zuj zus los ntawm kev ua cov hlau zoo nyob rau hauv lawv cov hnub thaum ntxov los ua ntau yam khoom siv dav siv thoob plaws ntau yam xws li tshuaj lom neeg engineering, aerospace, kev ua si, kev ua si sab nraum zoov, thiab kev kho mob. Lawv tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm kev lag luam thiab tau txais kev pom zoo thiab lees paub los ntawm pej xeem.

1. Qhov "Peb Hlau" Los Ntawm Qhov Twg?

Engels ib zaug hais tias, "Iron yog lub cim ntawm lub neej feudal; tag nrho cov haiv neeg civilized tau ntsib lawv tus kheej lub hnub nyoog heroic nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no: lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov hlau ntaj, tab sis kuj muaj hnub nyoog ntawm cov hlau plowing thiab cov hlau axe." Txog rau hnub no, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntim ntau lawm, ntau yam kev siv, lossis kev ua haujlwm, nws tseem yog tus thawj coj tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev lag luam hlau.

Txij li thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th, kev siv ntawm txhuas tau nce zuj zus, nce hauv av sai sai thiab tau txais lub npe ntawm "cov hlau ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th." Kom meej meej, txhuas tuav qhov "thib ob-chaw chaw" hauv tsev neeg hlau hauv qhov kev nkag siab zoo ntawm lo lus.

Maj mam, dhau ib nrab xyoo dhau los -century, titanium tau rov ua dua tshiab. Cov kws tshawb fawb kwv yees tias los ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, titanium ntau lawm yuav dhau ntawm cov hlau, ua rau nws yog qhov thib peb feem ntau tsim hlau tom qab hlau thiab txhuas. Vim li no, titanium feem ntau hu ua "tus tswv cuab thib peb ntawm tsev neeg hlau."

II. Dab tsi yog qhov kev siv ntawm "Peb Hlau--Titanium"?

1. "Space Metal" Coj mus rau saum ntuj

Feem ntau hais lus, lub dav hlau mus ncig ntawm qhov nrawm tshaj li ob lossis peb zaug ntawm lub suab nrawm yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm titanium alloys, vim tias lwm yam hlau tsis zoo - haum rau txoj haujlwm. Titanium cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nws qhov ntom ntom thiab siab zog; Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws cov kev ua tau zoo tshaj txawm tias ntawm beryllium.

Piv txwv li, titanium muaj zog dua thiab tawv dua li hlau, tab sis nws qhov ceev tsuas yog me ntsis ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov hlau, thiab nws tsis xeb. Titanium yog me ntsis hnyav dua li txhuas, tsis tau peb zaug li muaj zog, thiab nws cov cua sov ua hauj lwm deb tshaj li ntawm txhuas. Titanium lub zog tshwj xeeb (qhov piv ntawm lub zog rau qhov ntom ntom) yog 3.5 npaug ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel, 1.3 npaug ntawm cov txhuas alloys, thiab 1.6 npaug ntawm magnesium alloys-qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv hlau tam sim no.

Titanium alloys tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub ntawm 400-500 degrees Celsius (hauv qhov no, aluminium alloys thiab stainless hlau poob luv luv; aluminium poob nws cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 150 degree, thiab stainless hlau ntawm 310 degree), nrog rau tiv taus kub tshaj 100℃hauv qab xoom. Yog li ntawd, titanium thiab titanium alloys tau dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov riam phom niaj hnub xws li dav hlau, phom, thiab cov nkoj tub rog.

Lub cav ntawm niaj hnub supersonic dav hlau dav hlau, nrog rau cov firewalls, thav duab, thiab canopies nyob rau hauv lub fuselage, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm titanium alloys. Ib lub dav hlau loj loj dav hlau muaj ntau tshaj li ib lab fasteners, nrog rau cov nyiaj titanium siv los ntawm ob peb tons mus rau kaum ob tons. Qee cov supersonic ntev -ntau cov interceptors siv titanium rau 95% ntawm lawv cov khoom siv, ua rau lawv lub npe menyuam yaus "titanium aircraft." Cov "titanium aircraft" yog ob qho tib si khov kho thiab hnav; Lub dav hlau loj titanium neeg nrog caij tuaj yeem nqa tau ntau dua 100 tus neeg caij tsheb ntau dua li cov pa dav hlau uas hnyav tib yam, thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov siab tshaj 3,000 kilometers ib teev, whereas aluminium alloy aircraft tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm tsuas yog 2,400 kilometers ib teev.

2. "Hiav txwv yoov tshaj cum" dhia tob rau hauv dej hiav txwv: Titanium qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion nyob deb dhau ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, titanium yuav nyob twj ywm unscathed thaum immersed nyob rau hauv ntau yam muaj zog acid thiab alkali daws. Txawm tias muaj zog tshaj plaws acid-aqua regia- tsis tuaj yeem ua mob rau nws. Titanium qhov kev tiv thaiv rau dej hiav txwv yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws, kev sib tw ntawm lub npe nrov platinum: Ib tug neeg tau poob ib lub phaj titanium rau hauv dej hiav txwv; thaum rov qab tau tsib xyoos tom qab ntawd, nws tau npog nrog cov tsiaj me me hauv hiav txwv thiab seaweed, tseem tsis tau pom ib qho kab ntawm xeb thiab tseem ci ntsa iab li qub.

Vim tias titanium yog corrosion-resistant, nws nquag siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Yav dhau los, cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj reactors uas muaj kub nitric acid yog ua los ntawm stainless hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias cov hlau tsis muaj hlau tsis muaj zog tuaj yeem ua rau tus neeg muaj zog corrosive no -kub nitric acid- thiab cov khoom no yuav tsum tau hloov tag nrho txhua rau lub hlis. Txawm hais tias cov khoom siv lawv tus kheej tsis kim, cov nqi cuam tshuam nrog txhua qhov kev hloov pauv thiab qhov poob tshwm sim vim kev poob qis tshaj tus nqi ntawm cov khoom los ntawm ntau zaus. Tam sim no, txawm hais tias titanium yog me ntsis kim dua stainless hlau, nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua rau tsib xyoos, ua rau nws raug nqi ntau dua - siv tau ntev.

3. "Biocompatibility" Nqa Kev Sib Haum Xeeb: Titanium muaj cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb hauv cov tshuaj. Lub elastic modulus ntawm titanium alloys zoo ib yam li tib neeg cov pob txha, ua rau lawv sib xws nrog tib neeg lub cev. Siv titanium daim hlau thiab cov ntsia hlau los kho cov pob txha tawg ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tsis tau xav txog. Thaum cov pob txha tawg tau ruaj khov nrog titanium daim hlau thiab cov ntsia hlau, tom qab ob peb lub hlis, cov pob txha yuav loj tuaj rau ntawm daim hlau thiab rau hauv cov xov ntawm cov ntsia hlau, thiab cov leeg nqaij tshiab yuav ntim cov phaj. Qhov "titanium pob txha" ua haujlwm zoo li pob txha tiag. Tsis tas li ntawd, titanium alloy hniav daim hlau thiab cov hniav tau siv dav hauv kev kho mob, thiab lub siab lub ntsws, li qub, thiab cov pob qij txha ua los ntawm titanium alloys tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev siv tshuaj kho mob.

4. "Shape-Memory Alloys" Muaj Kev Txawj Ntse Titanium kuj tuaj yeem ua ke nrog npib tsib xee los tsim "zoo li-memory alloys" nrog lub cim xeeb. Lub tsheb lub cev ua los ntawm cov hlau tshwj xeeb no tuaj yeem rov qab los rau lawv cov qauv qub yooj yim los ntawm kev yaug lawv nrog dej kub siab tshaj 80℃tom qab deformed hauv kev sib tsoo.

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